Métodos químicos de modificação superficial de nanomateriais

O objectivo geral desta tese foi investigar diversas estratégias de síntese de nanocompósitos híbridos de matriz polimérica, contendo nanopartículas inorgânicas com funcionalidades diversas. O interesse nestes nanocompósitos multifuncionais consiste no enorme potencial que apresentam para novas aplicações tecnológicas, tais como em optoelectrónica ou em medicina. No capítulo introdutório, apresenta-se uma revisão das propriedades de nanopartículas inorgânicas e nanoestruturas obtidas a partir destas, métodos de preparação e de modificação química superficial, incluindo a formação de nanocompósitos poliméricos, bem como a aplicação destas nanoestruturas em medicina e biologia. O estudo das propriedades de nanopartículas de ouro é um importante tema em Nanociência e Nanotecnologia. As propriedades singulares destas NPs apresentam uma estreita relação com o tamanho, morfologia, arranjo espacial e propriedades dieléctricas do meio circundante. No capítulo 2, é reportada a preparação de nanocompósitos utilizando miniemulsões de poli-estireno (PS) e poli-acrilato de butilo (PBA) contendo nanopartículas de ouro revestidas com moléculas orgânicas. As propriedades ópticas destas estruturas híbridas são dominadas por efeitos plasmónicos e dependem de uma forma crítica na morfologia final dos nanocompósitos. Em particular, demonstra-se aqui a possibilidade de ajustar a resposta óptica, na região do visível do espectro, através do arranjo das nanopartículas na matriz polimérica, e consequentemente o acoplamento plasmónico, utilizando nanopartículas resultantes da mesma síntese. Na generalidade, é reportada aqui uma estratégia alternativa para modificar a resposta óptica de nanocompósitos, através do controlo da morfologia do compósito final face à estratégia mais comum que envolve o controlo das características morfológicas das partículas metálicas utilizadas como materiais de partida. No Capítulo 3 apresentam-se os resultados da preparação de vários compósitos poliméricos com propriedades magnéticas de interesse prático. Em particular discute-se a síntese e propriedades magnéticas de nanopartículas de ligas metálicas de cobalto-platina (CoPt3) e ferro-platina (FePt3), assim como de óxidos de ferro (magnetite Fe3O4 e maguemite g-Fe2O3) e respectivos nanocompósitos poliméricos. A estratégia aqui descrita constitui uma via interessante de desenvolver materiais nanocompósitos com potencial aplicação em ensaios de análise de entidades biológicas in vitro, que pode ser estendido a outros materiais magnéticos. Como prova de conceito, demonstrase a bioconjugação de nanocompósitos de CoPt3/PtBA com anticorpos IgG de bovino. No capítulo 4 é descrita a preparação e propriedades ópticas de pontos quânticos (“quantum dots”, QDs) de CdSe/ZnS assim como dos seus materiais nanocompósitos poliméricos, CdSe/ZnS-PBA. Como resultado das suas propriedades ópticas singulares, os QDs têm sido extensivamente investigados como materiais inorgânicos para aplicações em dispositivos ópticos. A incorporação de QDs em matrizes poliméricas é de particular interesse, nomeadamente devido ao comportamento óptico do nanocompósito final parecer estar dependente do tipo de polímero utilizado. As propriedades ópticas dos nanocompósitos foram estudadas sistematicamente por medidas de fotoluminescência. Os nanocompósitos apresentam propriedades interessantes para potenciais aplicações biológicas em diagnóstico in vitro, funcionando como sondas biológicas luminescentes.

Chemical characterization and evaluation of biological activity of Cynara cardunculus extractable compounds

The Mediterranean species Cynara cardunculus L. is recognized in the traditional medicine, for their hepatoprotective and choleretic effects. Biomass of C. cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC), or cultivated cardoon, may be explored not only for the production of energy and pulp fibers, but also for the extraction of bioactive compounds. The chemical characterization of extractable components, namely terpenic and phenolic compounds, may valorize the cultivated cardoon plantation, due to their antioxidant, antitumoral and antimicrobial activities. In this study, the chemical composition of lipophilic and phenolic fractions of C. cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC), cultivated in the south of Portugal (Baixo Alentejo region) was characterized in detail, intending the integral valorization of its biomass. The biological activity of cultivated cardoon extracts was evaluated in terms of antioxidant, human tumor cell antiproliferative and antibacterial effects. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the chemical analysis of lipophilic compounds. Sixty-five lipophilic compounds were identified, from which 1 sesquiterpene lactone and 4 pentacyclic triterpenes were described, for the first time, as cultivated cardoon components, such as: deacylcynaropicrin, acetates of β- and α-amyrin, lupenyl acetate and ψ-taraxasteryl acetate. Sesquiterpene lactones were the major family of lipophilic components of leaves (≈94.5 g/kg), mostly represented by cynaropicrin (≈87.4 g/kg). Pentacyclic triterpenes were also detected, in considerably high contents, in the remaining parts of cultivated cardoon, especially in the florets (≈27.5 g/kg). Taraxasteryl acetate was the main pentacyclic triterpene (≈8.9 g/kg in florets). High pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was utilized for the chemical analysis of phenolic compounds. Among the identified 28 phenolic compounds, eriodictyol hexoside was reported for the first time as C. cardunculus L. component, and 6 as cultivated cardoon components, namely 1,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, naringenin 7-O-glucoside, naringenin rutinoside, naringenin, luteolin acetylhexoside and apigenin acetylhexoside. The highest content of the identified phenolic compounds was observed in the florets (≈12.6 g/kg). Stalks outer part contained the highest hydroxycinnamic acids abundance (≈10.3 g/kg), and florets presented the highest flavonoids content (≈10.3 g/kg). The antioxidant activity of phenolic fraction was examined through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Stalks outer part, and receptacles and bracts extracts demonstrated the highest antioxidant effect on DPPH (IC50 of 34.35 μg/mL and 35.25 μg/mL, respectively). (cont.) abstract (cont.) The DPPH scavenging effect was linearly correlated with the total contents of hydroxycinnamic acids (r = -0.990). The in vitro antiproliferative activity of cultivated cardoon lipophilic and phenolic extracts was evaluated on a human tumor cells line of triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), one of the most refractory human cancers to conventional therapeutics. After 48 h of exposition, leaves lipophilic extract showed higher inhibitory effect (IC50 = 10.39 μg/mL) than florets lipophilic extract (IC50 = 315.22 μg/mL), upon MDA-MB-231 cellular viability. Pure compound of cynaropicrin, representative of the main compound identified in leaves lipophilic extract, also prevented the cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 (IC50 = 17.86 μM). MDA-MB-231 cells were much more resistant to the 48 h- treatment with phenolic extracts of stalks outer part (IC50 = 3341.20 μg/mL) and florets (IC50 > 4500 μg/mL), and also with the pure compound of 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (IC50 = 1741.69 μM). MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed, for 48 h, to the respective IC50 concentrations of leaves lipophilic extract and pure compound of cynaropicrin, in order to understand their ability in modelling cellular responses, and consequently important potentially signaling pathways for the cellular viability decrease. Leaves lipophilic extract increased the caspase-3 enzymatic activity, contrarily to pure compound of cynaropicrin. Additionally, leaves lipophilic extract and pure compound of cynaropicrin caused G2 cell cycle arrest, possibly by upregulating the p21Waf1/Cip1 and the accumulation of phospho-Tyr15-CDK1 and cyclin B1. The inhibitory effects of leaves lipophilic extract and cynaropicrin pure compound, against the MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, may also be related to the downregulation of phospho-Ser473-Akt. The antibacterial activity of cultivated cardoon lipophilic and phenolic extracts was assessed, for the first time, on two multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and the Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), two of the main bacteria responsible for health care-associated infections. Accordingly, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined. Lipophilic and phenolic extracts of florets did not have antibacterial activity on P. aeruginosa PAO1 and MRSA (MIC > 2048 μg/mL). Leaves lipophilic extract did not prevent the P. aeruginosa PAO1 growth, but pure compound of cynaropicrin was slightly active (MIC = 2048 μg/mL). Leaves lipophilic extract and pure compound of cynaropicrin blocked MRSA growth (MIC of 1024 and 256 μg/mL, respectively). The scientific knowledge revealed in this thesis, either by the chemical viewpoint, or by the biological viewpoint, contributes for the valorization of C. cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC) biomass. Cultivated cardoon has potential to be exploited as source of bioactive compounds, in conciliation with other valorization pathways, and Portuguese traditional cheeses manufacturing.